His real name is Nicolas Kim Coppola, and his paternal great-grand-father emigrated to the U.S. from the South Italian town of Bernalda in Basilicata. DNA from Congolese samples was extracted using the Gentra protein precipitation method (Gentra Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). [25] Ganda was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS5612 and L1c1c. All samples (96-well plates) were then placed on a thermocycler under the following conditions: denaturation at 95C for 5min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation (95C) for 45s, annealing (see Supplementary Table S2 for annealing temperatures) for 45s and elongation (72C) for 45s. The final step of the PCR programme was a 7-min extension at 72C before a 30min hold at 4C. [9] Brucato et al. E1b1a (also known as E-M2) forms part of the E-V38 haplogroup found on the human Y chromosome - making it a paternally inherited clade. Hum Biol 2011; 83: 1338. The third are the Goths. The classical antiquity brought new waves of colonisation across the Mediterranean. Autosomally they could be modelled as 2/3 Natufian and 1/3 Sub-Saharan African (West African), confirming the close genetic link between Late Paleolithic North Africans and Mesolithic South Levantines. E-M78 and E-Z827 originated respectively at 20,000 years and 24,000 years. (2016) tested the first ancient DNA samples from the Mesolithic Natufian culture in Israel, possibly the world's oldest sedentary community, and found that the male individuals belonged either to haplogroups CT or E1b1 (including two E1b1b1b2 samples). It would be unthinkable that over 1,500 years of Hellenisation and Byzantine rule in Anatolia and the Levant didn't leave any genetic trace. It is interesting to speculate on the possibility that this later expansion was associated with the contemporaneous development of metallurgy. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882), the general, politician and nationalist who played a large role in the history of Italy, probably belonged to haplogroup E-V13 based on the Y-DNA results from another Garibaldi from the same province in his ancestral Liguria. For many years the vast majority of academics have assumed that E-V13 and other E1b1b lineages came to the Balkans from the southern Levant via Anatolia during the Neolithic, and that the high frequency of E-V13 was caused by a founder effect among the colonisers. Newman JL : The Peopling of Africa: A Geographic Interpretation. Perspective pg. The basal subclade is quite regularly observed in M2+ samples. (2010) found U175 in tested Annang (45.3%), Ibibio (37%), Efik (33.3%), and Igbo (25.3%) but did not test for U209. Where Did Haplogroup E1b1b Originate and Expand From? The major finding of these studies was that genetic distances (FST) among all EBSP groups are much less than the average FST among West-African and Nilo-Saharan groups, indicating a considerable level of homogeneity among EBSP groups. Further support for the EBSP origin from the Nigeria/Cameroon area comes from the observation that E1b1a component-haplogroup STR diversities are greater in West Africa than in either West-Central or East-Central Africa (Table 2). The same haplogroups show up in Pre-Pottery Neolithic B Jordan, accompanied by new haplogroups (H2 and T). The M81 clade is defined by 150 other mutations beside M81 itself. Zidane was named the best European footballer of the past 50 years in the UEFA Golden Jubilee Poll. Trombetta B, Cruciani F, Sellitto D, Scozzari R : A new topology of the human Y chromosome haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) revealed through the use of newly characterized binary polymorphisms. [25] Nana was of West African ancestry and carried haplogroup L2b3a. Lang Dyn Change 2011; 1: 5088. But in any case E-V13 was definitely not the major Neolithic European lineage it was once alleged to be. Jobling MA, Hurles ME, Tyler-Smith C : Human Evolutionary Genetics: Origins. The weak point of this hypothesis is that it doesn't explain how M81 reached places like France, Britain, Greece or Turkey, nor even northern Spain. [25] Anika was of Sub-Saharan African ancestry and carried haplogroups E1b1a-CTS6126 and L2b1. But the history of the region is so complex that there might be many separate branches of E-V13 that each came with a different invasion (e.g. The publication transposes M116.2 with M116.1 in Table 1. Steven Pinker is a Canadian experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, linguist, and popular science author. If the estimate of 2,100 years is correct, that would correspond approximately to the time when the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in what is now Tunisia. The small presence of E-V13 in the Near East could be better explained by the extremely long Greek presence in the eastern Mediterranean from the time of Alexander the Great until the end of the Byzantine domination over the region during the Middle Ages. Am J Phys Anthropol 1987; 30: 151194. E1b1a | Rem N Kemi E1b1a1a1 is commonly defined by M180/P88. To obtain Mol Biol Evol 2011; 28: 12551269. Hum Genet 1999; 105: 577581. Eur J Hum Genet 21, 423429 (2013). E1b1a is also known as E-M2 and E1b1b is also know as E-M215 or as E-M35. The Goths settled over all the Italian peninsula. Soon afterwards, M34 split into two branches, M84 and Z841, which were probably found in the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. Distribution of haplogroup E-M81 in Europe, the Middle East & North Africa. 1923 - pictured), who won two Academy Awards for Gandhi in 1983. [10][11][12], At Taukome, in Botswana, an individual, dated to the Early Iron Age (1100 BP), carried haplogroups E1b1a1 (E-M2, E-Z1123) and L0d3b1. Nevertheless, many lineages now found among the Ethiopians and Somalians appear to have come from the Fertile Crescent during the Neolithic period. To make things clearer; R1a Indo-European tribes are associated with the Corded Ware culture, which spanned across Northeast Europe, Scandinavia and the northern half of Central Europe. E-M81 is found at an average frequency of 45% in the Maghreb and Libya, with peaks at over 60% in Tunisia as well as central and southern Morocco. We define expansion in this context to mean diffusion of alleles. The control region of the mtDNA sequence, due to its high mutation rate, has been extensively used in examining the impact of EBSP on the genetic landscape of sub-Saharan Africa.5, 17, 18, 19 It has been postulated that some mtDNA haplogroups (eg, L3b, L3e and L2a), based on their distribution in sub-Saharan Africa, are associated with the EBSP, whereas the presence of haplogroup L1c at high frequency in some populations on the western route is thought to be the result of assimilation of local female hunter gatherers.17 It has been suggested that because agriculturist men are more likely to marry local women rather than vice versa,15, 16 the maternal genetic profile of Bantu-speaking groups is marked by considerable diversity.
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